Abstract

In recent years, interest and investment in human space exploration back to the Moon and on to Mars has grown substantially from nation-state space agencies and commercial organizations alike.  Using current technology, travel to the Moon is a 3-4 day trip each way.  By contrast, the journey from Earth to Mars can take 6-9 months in each direction.  As a result, even a short stay in Mars orbit or on the surface, could take 20 or more months total travel time.

Spaceflight presents a number of physiological and psychological challenges for the would-be astronaut.  The effects of micro-gravity range from inconveniences like nasal congestion and nausea to significant muscle mass and bone density loss.  Exposure to various forms of space radiation can lead to long-term cellular damage with health implications well after the mission. The isolation and confined environment of space flight also presents mental health challenges for even the most stalwart of astronauts.  The long duration of a Mars mission significantly compounds the impact on both career astronauts and prospective civilian scientist space travelers.

This research paper explores technologies and operational processes that can serve as enhancements, beyond basic life support, to ensure the success of a future mission to Mars and the health and well-being of those traveling.  To provide context, a conceptual scenario of an eight-person expedition to Mars for a 12-week surveying mission on the surface is explored.  In addition, four “real” spacecraft concepts are compared against the requirements of the Mars Expedition.  The spacecraft reviewed includes SpaceX Starship, two NASA “derived” concepts using existing system components from the International Space Station (ISS) and Space Launch System (SLS), and a comprehensive design study by Lockheed Martin known as Mars Base Camp.   Based on scholarly and industrial research of proven and near-term developing technologies, specific recommendations for habitat and life support system enhancements are provided for all phases of the mission, including launch from Earth to initial orbit, a multi-month voyage to Mars, an extended stay on the Martian surface, and a successful return to Earth.